When is this is us back on uk tv

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Retrieved January 11, 2017. Expect intrigue and weirdness. We were particularly pleased to find that, although it shows its own logo on its streams, it doesn't superimpose advert banners.

Show creator Dan Fogelman has confirmed that he will not rush along his note despite our begging. Retrieved August 5, 2017. The 8x8 resolution in this proof-of-concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. As well, there are also other variants of the drama genre, such as and daytime soap operas. The simplicity of This Is Us is one of its more glad attributes, cutting through the increasingly transparent attention-grabbing efforts of 'Peak TV' and presenting viewers with a show about people and their relationships with one another. Carey Mulligan plays a DI investigating the killing, alongside John Simm as a politician tangled up in the affair. These experiments were conducted before North 1914, when Minchin died, but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by H.

I was told by BBC that one of them main reasons they block non-UK IP addresses is due to the band-width issue and that the distance would cause degredation if thousands of people were doing this. United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office.

When is the next episode of This is Us on TV? - Randall's story, too, has been praised for its honesty about the experience of adopted children who have grown into adults without resolving residual issues from their upbringing.

Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store in 2008. Television TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in , or in colour, and in two or and sound. Television is a for advertising, entertainment and news. Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s, but it would still be several years before the new technology would be marketed to consumers. After , an improved form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions. During the 1950s, television was the primary medium for influencing. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US and most other developed countries. The availability of multiple types of archival storage media such as , tape, , DVDs, , high-definition , and cloud have enabled viewers to watch pre-recorded material—such as movies— at home on their own time schedule. For many reasons, especially the convenience of remote retrieval, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, transmissions greatly increased in popularity. Another development was the move from standard-definition television SDTV , with 576 lines of resolution and to HDTV , which provides a that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats: , and. Since 2010, with the invention of , has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet through services such as , , , , and. In 2013, 79% of the world's owned a television set. The replacement of early bulky, high-voltage screen displays with compact, energy-efficient, flat-panel alternative technologies such as both and , displays, and was a hardware revolution that began with computer monitors in the late 1990s. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs. Major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced by OLEDs. Also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered transmitters to the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by , systems and, since the 2000s via the. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as signals, but a to digital television is expected to be completed worldwide by the late 2010s. A standard television set is composed of multiple internal , including a tuner for and decoding broadcast signals. A visual which lacks a is correctly called a rather than a television. The word television comes from τῆλε tèle , meaning 'far', and visio, meaning 'sight'. The first documented usage of the term dates back to 1900, when the Russian scientist used it in a paper that he presented in French at the 1st International Congress of Electricity, which ran from 18 to 25 August 1900 during the in Paris. This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes that may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned. As a 23-year-old German university student, proposed and patented the in 1884. This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it, so each hole scanned a line of the image. Perskyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology by and , among others, made the design practical. The first demonstration of the live transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64 cells, individually wired to a mechanical , served as an electronic. In the receiver, a type of modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. A separate circuit regulated synchronization. The 8x8 resolution in this proof-of-concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. In 1921 sent the first image via radio waves with his. By the 1920s, when amplification made television practical, Scottish inventor employed the in his prototype video systems. On 25 March 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised images in motion, at Department Store in London. By 26 January 1926, he demonstrated the transmission of the image of a face in motion by radio. This is widely regarded as the first television demonstration. The subject was Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson. Baird's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it. A bright light shining through a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses projected a bright spot of light which swept across the subject. A Selenium detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal. This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit, where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first. The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image. As each hole in the disk passed by, one of the image was reproduced. Baird's disk had 30 holes, producing an image with only 30 scan lines, just enough to recognize a human face. In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles 705 km of telephone line between London and. In 1929, he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany. In November of the same year, Baird and of established France's first television company, Télévision--Natan. In 1931, he made the first outdoor remote broadcast, of. In 1932, he demonstrated television. Baird's mechanical system reached a peak of 240-lines of resolution on television broadcasts in 1936, though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead a was shot, rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet. An American inventor, , also pioneered the television. In 1925 Jenkins used the and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles, from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D. He was granted No. Their reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a 2-inch-wide by 2. The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high. Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate, monochromatic, moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from. Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included. A beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56. Today's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality. It broadcast from the facility in. Meanwhile, in the , had been developing a mirror drum-based television, starting with 16 lines resolution in 1925, then 32 lines and eventually 64 using in 1926. As part of his thesis, on 7 May 1926, he electrically transmitted, and then projected, near-simultaneous moving images on a five-foot square screen. By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines, a resolution that was not surpassed until May 1932 by RCA, with 120 lines. On 25 December 1926, demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum in , Hamamatsu Campus. His research in creating a production model was halted by the United States after Japan lost. Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks, and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical, image resolution on mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low, ranging from about 30 lines up to 120 or so. Nevertheless, the image quality of 30-line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances, and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear. A few systems ranging into the 200-line region also went on the air. Two of these were the 180-line system that Compagnie des Compteurs CDC installed in Paris in 1935, and the 180-line system that started in 1935 at station VE9AK in. The advancement of all-electronic television including and other camera tubes and for the reproducer marked the beginning of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television. Mechanical television, despite its inferior image quality and generally smaller picture, would remain the primary television technology until the 1930s. The last mechanical television broadcasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a handful of public universities in the United States. Electronic Main article: In 1897, English was able, in his three famous experiments, to deflect cathode rays, a fundamental function of the modern CRT. It was a , a modification of the , with a -coated screen. In 1906 the Germans Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage produced for the first time in a CRT. In 1907, Russian scientist used a CRT in the receiving end of an experimental to form a picture. He managed to display simple geometric shapes onto the screen. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a. These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died, but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by H. Strange from , and by H. Although others had experimented with using a cathode ray tube as a receiver, the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel. The first cathode ray tube to use a was developed by who gave his name to the term and Harry Weiner Weinhart of , and became a commercial product in 1922. After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930, so he applied for patents in the United States. The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October. Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval. Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day. On 25 December 1926, at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan, Japanese inventor demonstrated a TV system with a 40-line resolution that employed a CRT display. This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver. Takayanagi did not apply for a patent. On 7 September 1927, American inventor 's camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. By 3 September 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration. In 1929, the system was improved further by the elimination of a motor generator, so that his television system now had no mechanical parts. While working for in 1923, he began to develop an electronic camera tube. But in a 1925 demonstration, the image was dim, had low contrast, and poor definition, and was stationary. Zworykin's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage. But RCA, which acquired the Westinghouse patent, asserted that the patent for Farnsworth's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device. Thus RCA, on the basis of Zworykin's 1923 patent application, filed a suit against Farnsworth. The examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision, finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin. Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application; he also divided his original application in 1931. Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application. In 1933, RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi's charge storage principle. This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better and showed great promise in all fields of electronics. Unfortunately, a problem with the multipactor was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate. At the in August 1931, gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception. However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a to scan slides and film. Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the of on 25 August 1934, and for ten days afterwards. Mexican inventor also played an important role in early TV. On 2 November 1936, a service employing the Emitron began at studios in , and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building's towers. It alternated for a short time with Baird's mechanical system in adjoining studios, but was more reliable and visibly superior. The original American iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available. The team, under the supervision of , analyzed how the iconoscope or Emitron produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum. They solved this problem by developing, and patenting in 1934, two new camera tubes dubbed and. The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater. It was used for by the BBC, for the first time, on 1937, when the general public could watch on a television set as the King laid a wreath at the Cenotaph. This was the first time that anyone had broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighboring buildings, because neither Farnsworth nor RCA would do the same until the. It was displayed when a TV station first signed on every day. On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron. The image iconoscope Superikonoskop became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the and tubes. Indeed, it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon. The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955; finally the Dutch company produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958. American television broadcasting, at the time, consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes, each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology, until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941. RCA, for example, used only Iconoscopes in the New York area, but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco. In September 1939, RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth's patents. With this historic agreement in place, RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems. In 1941, the United States implemented 525-line television. Electrical engineer played a prominent role in the development of television. The world's first 625-line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944 and became a national standard in 1946. The first broadcast in 625-line standard occurred in Moscow in 1948. The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European standard. In 1936, described the principle of , the first system. Main article: The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built. Although he gave no practical details, among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc, in 1880, for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning. Polish inventor patented a color television system in 1897, using a photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end, and could not have worked as he described it. Another inventor, , also experimented with color television as early as 1907. Scottish inventor demonstrated the world's first color transmission on 3 July 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a to alternate their illumination. Baird also made the world's first color broadcast on 4 February 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's studios to a projection screen at London's. Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by in June 1929 using three complete systems of , amplifiers, glow-tubes, and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full color image. The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with a rotating colored disk. However, Baird was not happy with the design, and, as early as 1944, had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better. In 1939, Hungarian engineer introduced an electro-mechanical system while at , which contained an sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set. The system was first demonstrated to the FCC on 29 August 1940, and shown to the press on 4 September. CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as 28 August 1940, and live cameras by 12 November. CBS began daily color field tests on 1 June 1941. These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and, as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 22 April 1942 to 20 August 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public. As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called. Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. A demonstration on 16 August 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system. Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system. Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The was similar to Baird's concept, but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces, instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube. One of the great technical challenges of introducing color was the desire to conserve , potentially three times that of the existing standards, and not use an excessive amount of. In the United States, after considerable research, the approved an all-electronic system developed by , which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement. Color bars used in a , sometimes used when no program material is available. Although all-electronic color was introduced in the U. The first national color broadcast the 1954 occurred on 1 January 1954, but during the following ten years most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that fall. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. In 1972, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season. Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy; so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place. The introduction of 's relatively compact and lightweight set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition. In 1972, sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets. Color broadcasting in Europe was not standardized on the format until the 1960s, and broadcasts did not start until 1967. By this point many of the technical problems in the early sets had been worked out, and the spread of color sets in Europe was fairly rapid. By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets, and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots. By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets. Digital See also: Digital television DTV is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signals, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by. Due to digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It was not until the 1990s that digital TV became feasible. In the mid-1980s, as Japanese firms forged ahead with the development of technology, the analog format proposed by , a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard, based on an analog system, was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of such significance that the was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. Although incompatible with the existing standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements. The final standards adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, , or lines of resolution. This compromise resulted from a dispute between the industry joined by some broadcasters and the joined by the and some public interest groups over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—would be best suited for the newer digital HDTV compatible display devices. Interlaced scanning, which had been specifically designed for older analogue CRT display technologies, scans even-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. In fact, interlaced scanning can be looked at as the first video compression model as it was partly designed in the 1940s to double the image resolution to exceed the limitations of the television broadcast bandwidth. Another reason for its adoption was to limit the flickering on early CRT screens whose phosphor coated screens could only retain the image from the electron scanning gun for a relatively short duration. However interlaced scanning does not work as efficiently on newer display devices such as , for example, which are better suited to a more frequent progressive refresh rate. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet, and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offered a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then and currently feasible, i. Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming is not readily compatible with a progressive format. All governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by 2010s. Initially the adoption rate was low, as the first digital tuner-equipped TVs were costly. But soon, as the price of digital-capable TVs dropped, more and more households were converting to digital televisions. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s. Smart TV A smart TV The advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs. A smart television, sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid TV, is a television set or with integrated Internet and features, and is an example of between computers, television sets and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set-top boxes provided through traditional , these devices can also provide Internet TV, online , , as well as , and access. These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system. Smart TV should not to be confused with , IPTV or with. IPTV is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. WebTV is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. Apart from being linked to data networks, one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines, according to a user's demand, and process their needs. Major TV manufacturers have announced production of smart TVs only, for middle-end and high-end TVs in 2015. Smart TVs are expected to become dominant form of television by late 2010s. You can help by. December 2014 3D television conveys to the viewer by employing techniques such as display, display, , or any other form of. Most modern 3D use an or a , and some are without the need of glasses. Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August 1928, by in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London. Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electromechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935. The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs. Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads with the public. Many 3D television channels which started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s. According to DisplaySearch 3D televisions shipments totaled 41. As of late 2013, the number of 3D TV viewers started to decline. A modern high gain UHF Yagi. It has 17 directors, and one reflector made of 4 rods shaped as a. At first, was the only way television could be widely distributed, and because was limited, i. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the BBC , which had public service as part of its. Later in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters and which today is known as. The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as new technology was being tested by the engineers. On 2 November 1936, the began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian in north London. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today. With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s, terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7% of US households used an antenna. A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to switchover to broadcasts, which offered pristine image quality over very large areas, and offered an alternate to cable television CATV for. All other countries around the world are also in the process of either shutting down analog terrestrial television or switching over to digital terrestrial television. Cable television is used to carry cable television signals into cathode ray tube and flat panel television sets. Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency RF signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. In the 2000s, FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables. The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924. Earlier cable television was analog, but since the 2000s, all cable operators have switched to, or are in the process of switching to, digital cable television. Satellite television DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex. Satellite television is a system of supplying using broadcast signals relayed from. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a and a LNB. A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on a. Receivers can be external , or a built-in. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television. In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a on the wavelength and are completely digital. Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as. These systems received analog signals transmitted in the spectrum from type satellites, and required the use of large dishes. The direct-broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals, both of which require a compatible receiver. Some transmissions and channels are or , while many other channels are requiring a subscription. In 1945, British science fiction writer proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of the magazine and won him the 's in 1963. The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the satellite over the ocean on 23 July 1962. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first , , was launched on 26 July 1963. The first national network of television satellites, called , was created by the in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television to ground stations. The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada's geostationary , which was launched on 9 November 1972. It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use. The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry television, 1, was launched on 26 October 1976. It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing rather than microwave technology. Internet television Not to be confused with , , or. Internet television Internet TV or online television is the of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial, cable, and satellite, although the Internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable, or satellite methods. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows, and other video content, over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. Internet television should not be confused with , or with. Internet Protocol television IPTV is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. Introduced in late 1920's in form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for recorded media in the 1970s, such as and , which enabled viewers to record TV shows and watch prerecorded movies. In the subsequent decades, TVs were used to watch DVDs and of movies and other content. Major TV manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma and fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. Televisions since 2010s mostly use. LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced by OLEDs in near future. Display technologies A 14-inch cathode ray tube showing its deflection coils and electron guns The cathode ray tube CRT is a containing one or more a source of or electron emitter and a screen used to view images. It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam s onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical , pictures television, , targets or others. The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep i. As a matter of safety, the face is typically made of thick so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most emissions, particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product. In television sets and , the entire front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a. An image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three , one for each additive primary color red, green, and blue with a as a reference. In all modern CRT monitors and televisions, the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, a varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube, although is commonly used in , a type of diagnostic instrument. DLP The Christie Mirage 5000, a 2001 DLP projector. Digital Light Processing DLP is a type of technology that uses a. Some DLPs have a TV tuner, which makes them a type of TV display. It was originally developed in 1987 by Dr. While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997. Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded in 1998 for invention of the DLP projector technology. DLP is used in a variety of display applications from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications including medical, security, and industrial uses. DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors standalone projection units for classrooms and business primarily , but also in private homes; in these cases, the image is projected onto a projection screen. DLP is also used in DLP rear projection television sets and digital signs. It is also used in about 85% of projection. Plasma A generic LCD TV, with speakers on either side of the screen. Liquid-crystal-display televisions LCD TV are television sets that use to produce images. LCD televisions are much thinner and lighter than CRTs of similar display size, and are available in much larger sizes e. When manufacturing costs fell, this combination of features made LCDs practical for television receivers. LCD's come in two types: those using , simply called LCDs and those using as backlight called as. In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions worldwide for the first time, and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated. LCD TVs have quickly displaced the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the and. In mid 2010s LCDs especially LEDs became, by far, the most widely produced and sold television display type. LCDs also have disadvantages. Other technologies address these weaknesses, including , and , but as of 2014 none of these have entered widespread production. OLED OLED TV An OLED organic light-emitting diode is a LED in which the layer is a film of which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create in devices such as screens. It is also used for computer monitors, portable systems such as , and. There are two main families of OLED: those based on small and those employing. Adding mobile to an OLED creates a or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either PMOLED or AMOLED addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs require a backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes. An OLED display works without a. Thus, it can display deep and can be thinner and lighter than a LCD. In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room an OLED screen can achieve a higher than an LCD, whether the LCD uses or. OLEDs are expected to replace other forms of display in near future. It is used in. The most common source of LDTV programming is the Internet, where mass distribution of higher-resolution could overwhelm and take too long to download. Many mobile phones and portable devices such as 's , or Sony's use LDTV video, as higher-resolution files would be excessive to the needs of their small screens and 480×272 respectively. The current generation of iPod Nanos have LDTV screens, as do the first three generations of and 480×320. For the first years of its existence, YouTube offered only one, low-definition resolution of 320x240p at 30fps or less. SD Main article: Standard-definition television or SDTV refers to two different resolutions: , with 576 lines of resolution, derived from the European-developed and systems; and based on the American National Television System Committee system. SDTV is a television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either , , , , , and or EDTV. In North America, digital SDTV is broadcast in the same aspect ratio as NTSC signals with widescreen content being. However, in other parts of the world that used the PAL or SECAM color systems, standard-definition television is now usually shown with a , with the transition occurring between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s. Older programs with a 4:3 aspect ratio are shown in the US as 4:3 with non-ATSC countries preferring to reduce the horizontal resolution by anamorphically scaling a image. HD Main article: High-definition television HDTV provides a that is substantially higher than that of. Market share North American consumers purchase a new television set on average every seven years, and the average household owns 2. Worldwide manufacturers market share, 2017 Manufacturer Statista 20. After production, the next step is to market and deliver the product to whichever markets are open to using it. It includes secondary runs in the country of first issue, but also international usage which may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases, other companies, TV stations, or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words, to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders, in most cases the producers. First-run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the US, but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic FTA elsewhere. This practice is increasing, however, generally on digital-only FTA channels or with subscriber-only, first-run material appearing on FTA. Unlike the US, repeat FTA screenings of an FTA network program usually only occur on that network. Also, rarely buy or produce non-network programming that is not centered on. Genres The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a of the subject. You may , discuss the issue on the , or , as appropriate. December 2014 include a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform, and educate viewers. The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually dramas and dramatic. However, other genres, such as historical Western genres, may also have high production costs. Popular culture entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas, horror, or thriller shows. As well, there are also other variants of the drama genre, such as and daytime soap operas. Science fiction shows can fall into either the drama or action category, depending on whether they emphasize philosophical questions or high adventure. Comedy is a popular genre which includes situation comedy sitcom and animated shows for the adult demographic such as. The least expensive forms of entertainment programming genres are game shows, talk shows, variety shows, and reality television. Game shows feature contestants answering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes. Talk shows contain interviews with film, television, music and sports celebrities and public figures. Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers, such as comedians and magicians, introduced by a host or. There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows because leading talk shows often feature performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between the interview segments. A variant version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going about their everyday life , or doing regular jobs. Kristin Thompson argues that some of these television series exhibit traits also found in , such as psychological realism, narrative complexity, and ambiguous plotlines. Funding No data Around the globe, broadcast TV is financed by government, advertising, licensing a form of tax , subscription, or any combination of these. To protect revenues, subscription TV channels are usually encrypted to ensure that only subscribers receive the decryption codes to see the signal. Unencrypted channels are known as free to air or FTA. In 2009, the global TV market represented 1,217. North America had the biggest TV revenue market share with 39% followed by Europe 31% , Asia-Pacific 21% , Latin America 8% , and Africa and the Middle East 2%. Globally, the different TV revenue sources divide into 45%—50% TV advertising revenues, 40%—45% subscription fees and 10% public funding. Advertising Main article: TV's broad reach makes it a powerful and attractive medium for advertisers. Television advertisements variously called a television commercial, commercial or ad in , and known in as an advert is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned television networks. The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes as well as program-length. Advertisements of this sort have been used to promote a wide variety of goods, services and ideas since the beginning of television. Television was still in its experimental phase in 1928, but the medium's potential to sell goods was already predicted. The effects of television advertising upon the viewing public and the effects of mass media in general have been the subject of philosophical discourse by such luminaries as. In many countries, including the United States, television are considered indispensable for a. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted, while some countries, such as , completely ban political advertisements. The first official, paid television advertisement was broadcast in the United States on 1 July 1941 over New York station WNBT now before a baseball game between the and. The first TV ad broadcast in the UK was on on 22 September 1955, advertising toothpaste. The first TV ad broadcast in Asia was on in Tokyo on 28 August 1953, advertising now , which also displayed a clock with the current time. United States Since inception in the US in 1941, television commercials have become one of the most effective, persuasive, and popular methods of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. During the 1940s and into the 1950s, programs were hosted by single advertisers. This, in turn, gave great creative license to the over the content of the show. Perhaps due to the in the 1950s, networks shifted to the magazine concept, introducing advertising breaks with multiple advertisers. US advertising rates are determined primarily by. The time of the day and popularity of the channel determine how much a TV commercial can cost. Conversely, lesser-viewed , such as early mornings and weekday afternoons, are often sold in bulk to producers of at far lower rates. In recent years, the paid program or has become common, usually in lengths of 30 minutes or one hour. Some TV programs also deliberately place products into their shows as advertisements, a practice started in feature films and known as. For example, a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda, going to a particular , or driving a certain make of car. This is sometimes very subtle, with shows having vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost in exchange as a. Sometimes, a specific brand or , or music from a certain artist or group, is used. This excludes guest appearances by artists who perform on the show. United Kingdom The TV regulator oversees TV advertising in the United Kingdom. Its restrictions have applied since the early days of commercially funded TV. Restrictions mean that the big three national commercial TV channels: , , and can show an average of only seven minutes of advertising per hour eight minutes in the peak period. Other broadcasters must average no more than nine minutes twelve in the peak. This means that many imported TV shows from the US have unnatural pauses where the UK company does not utilize the narrative breaks intended for more frequent US advertising. Advertisements must not be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribed types of programs which last less than half an hour in scheduled duration; this list includes any news or current affairs programs, documentaries, and programs for children; additionally, advertisements may not be carried in a program designed and broadcast for reception in schools or in any service or other devotional program or during a formal Royal ceremony or occasion. There also must be clear demarcations in time between the programs and the advertisements. The , being strictly , is not allowed to show advertisements on television in the UK, although it has many advertising-funded channels abroad. The majority of its budget comes from fees see below and , the sale of content to other broadcasters. Ireland Broadcast advertising is regulated by the , Subscription Some TV channels are partly funded from ; therefore, the signals are encrypted during broadcast to ensure that only the paying subscribers have access to the decryption codes to watch or. Most subscription services are also funded by advertising. Taxation or license Television services in some countries may be funded by a or a form of taxation, which means that advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. Currently, it is estimated that approximately 26. This television license fee is set by the government, but the BBC is not answerable to or controlled by the government. The two main BBC TV channels are watched by almost 90% of the population each week and overall have 27% share of total viewing, despite the fact that 85% of homes are multichannel, with 42% of these having access to 200 free to air channels via satellite and another 43% having access to 30 or more channels via. When the same sporting event has been presented on both BBC and commercial channels, the BBC always attracts the lion's share of the , indicating that viewers prefer to watch TV uninterrupted by advertising. Other than internal promotional material, the ABC carries no advertising; it is banned under the ABC Act 1983. The ABC receives its funding from the Australian government every three years. The funds provide for the ABC's television, radio, online, and international outputs. The ABC also receives funds from its many ABC shops across Australia. Although funded by the Australian government, the editorial independence of the ABC is ensured through law. The broadcast law that governs NHK's funding stipulates that any television equipped to receive NHK is required to pay. The fee is standardized, with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture. Broadcast programming American family watching television, circa 1958 Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are many aspects of television that can be addressed, including negative issues such as. Current research is discovering that individuals suffering from social isolation can employ television to create what is termed a parasocial or faux relationship with characters from their favorite television shows and movies as a way of deflecting feelings of loneliness and social deprivation. Several studies have found that has many advantages. 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